Interoperability aspects of central bank digital currency across ecosystems and boarders

There is a growing consensus that there is no ‘one size fits all’ central bank digital currency (CBDC). Both retail CBDC and wholesale CBDC have their own unique value propositions and may even be deployed using diFerent technologies. Additionally, some countries are developing multilateral cross-border CBDC solutions, as well as integrations into other digital asset ecosystems, including but not limited to stablecoins, tokenised government bonds and real estate.